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Sextus Empiricus was a Greek Pyrrhonist, a school of philosophical skepticism founded by Pyrrho in the fourth century BC. Sextus promoted a form of philosophical inquiry called the “skeptic way,” which involves counterposing two or more credible but seemingly inconsistent assertions in order to demonstrate the limits of logic. The excerpt below, taken from the […]
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The Encheiridion is a short manual of maxims compiled by Arrian of Nicomedia, a 2nd-century student of the Greek Stoic philosopher Epictetus. True to the Stoic tradition, Epictetus asserts that it is our thoughts and judgements, not things themselves, which are the ultimate source of our suffering. Accordingly, Epictetus maintains that man can exercise a considerable
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In Timaeus, Plato explains the origins of the universe as an act of creation by a powerful and benevolent creator God who formed the cosmos into a harmonious whole from preexistent matter with the assistance of lesser divine beings whom he also created. Unlike the three Abrahamic religions, Plato’s supreme God is not omnipotent. However,