Baruch Spinoza, Ethics

Enlightenment Era Writers, Responses to the Problem of Evil & the Problem of Pain

Baruch Spinoza was one of the seminal thinkers of the Enlightenment. Born into the Spanish-Portuguese Jewish community of Amsterdam in 1632, Spinoza eventually developed heterodox ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of God. His controversial positions led Amsterdam’s Jewish religious authorities to issue a “herem” against him—a Jewish ecclesiastical censure similar […]

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